Published in 1917, this is the last substantial composition written by Rachmaninoff while still in Russia and shows a marked departure from his previous work. Rachmaninoff had been listening keenly to his younger contemporaries Alexander Scriabin and Sergei Prokofiev, and had studied Scriabin's works to prepare a memorial recital in which Rachmaninoff himself played in Scriabin's honor. Though he was roundly criticized for his overly-analytical approach in his playing and overall lack of capturing the free-flying spirit that Scriabin had summoned so well in his own pianism, the compositional seeds resulting from his studying Scriabin's work had been planted. A melodic angularity and harmonic pungency appeared in these etudes as well as in his Op. 38 songs, which were written concurrently. Those who think Rachmaninoff lost his way as a composer after he left Russia in 1917 would do well to hear or study these pieces. They show he was experimenting restlessly well before the Bolshevik revolution, and illustrate how his observation of musical trends around him helped mold and shape his future work.

No. 1 in C minor
This agitated, passionate étude exploits some of the piano's resources almost unrelentingly, demanding a tireless right hand, an often daringly syncopated left hand and considerable dexterity to illuminate inner voices. Technically, the music is in an almost continual climax. It bears a resemblance to Chopin's Prelude in E flat minor.
No. 2 in A minor
Also known as "The Sea and the Seagulls". Though technically simple, the work contains many musical textures that make it a difficult study in touch. This melancholy piece requires much restraint from the performer to project the sedate mood of this etude. A sensitive performance is required to keep the performance from being monotonous. The technical workings of the etude is the 2 over 3 timing, the crossing hands, and large span of the arpeggiated figures for the left hand. The ending is tragic and poetic.
No. 3 in F-sharp minor
No. 4 in B minor
No. 5 in E-flat minor
No. 6 in A minor
This aggressive and daunting piece opens with threatening chromatic octave runs low on the keyboard, answered by quick, chattering treble figures that eventually transform themselves into a march. The music grows hectic and, having reached presto, sounds nearly out of control. The effect of the piece is seemingly mysterious yet fully unified. Referred to as "Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf", the piece ends with the chromatic runs sounding as though the wolf swallowed Red Riding Hood whole.
This piece was originally the fourth etude of the Op. 33 set. Since it exhibits all the pianistic, rhythmic and harmonic features that characterize the Op, 39 set, we can assume Rachmaninoff revised this piece extensively before including it here.
No. 7 in C minor
No. 8 in D minor
This piece is a lyrical and musical study of double notes. It requires precise pedaling, flexible and independent figures, and agility. The piece has very long, defined legato melodic lines that are contrasted by a staccato middle section.
No. 9 in D major